November 15th, 2009 by
Cameron Chapman |
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If you’re reading this article, it’s likely that you spend a fair amount of time online. However, considering how much of an influence the Internet has in our daily lives, how many of us actually know the story of how it got its start?
Here’s a brief history of the Internet, including important dates, people, projects, sites, and other information that should give you at least a partial picture of what this thing we call the Internet really is, and where it came from.
While the complete history of the Internet could easily fill a few books, this article should familiarize you with key milestones and events related to the growth and evolution of the Internet between 1969 to 2009.
1969: Arpanet
Arpanet was the first real network to run on packet switching technology (new at the time). On the October 29, 1969, computers at Stanford and UCLA connected for the first time. In effect, they were the first hosts on what would one day become the Internet.
The first message sent across the network was supposed to be "Login", but reportedly, the link between the two colleges crashed on the letter "g".
1969: Unix
Another major milestone during the 60’s was the inception of Unix: the operating system whose design heavily influenced that of Linux and FreeBSD (the operating systems most popular in today’s web servers/web hosting services).
1970: Arpanet network
An Arpanet network was established between Harvard, MIT, and BBN (the company that created the "interface message processor" computers used to connect to the network) in 1970.
1971: Email
Email was first developed in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, who also made the decision to use the "@" symbol to separate the user name from the computer name (which later on became the domain name).
1971: Project Gutenberg and eBooks
One of the most impressive developments of 1971 was the start of Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, for those unfamiliar with the site, is a global effort to make books and documents in the public domain available electronically–for free–in a variety of eBook and electronic formats.
It began when Michael Hart gained access to a large block of computing time and came to the realization that the future of computers wasn’t in computing itself, but in the storage, retrieval and searching of information that, at the time, was only contained in libraries. He manually typed (no OCR at the time) the "Declaration of Independence" and launched Project Gutenberg to make information contained in books widely available in electronic form. In effect, this was the birth of the eBook.
1972: CYCLADES
France began its own Arpanet-like project in 1972, called CYCLADES. While Cyclades was eventually shut down, it did pioneer a key idea: the host computer should be responsible for data transmission rather than the network itself.
1973: The first trans-Atlantic connection and the popularity of emailing
Arpanet made its first trans-Atlantic connection in 1973, with the University College of London. During the same year, email accounted for 75% of all Arpanet network activity.
1974: The beginning of TCP/IP
1974 was a breakthrough year. A proposal was published to link Arpa-like networks together into a so-called "inter-network", which would have no central control and would work around a transmission control protocol (which eventually became TCP/IP).
1975: The email client
With the popularity of emailing, the first modern email program was developed by John Vittal, a programmer at the University of Southern California in 1975. The biggest technological advance this program (called MSG) made was the addition of "Reply" and "Forward" functionality.
1977: The PC modem
1977 was a big year for the development of the Internet as we know it today. It’s the year the first PC modem, developed by Dennis Hayes and Dale Heatherington, was introduced and initially sold to computer hobbyists.
1978: The Bulletin Board System (BBS)
The first bulletin board system (BBS) was developed during a blizzard in Chicago in 1978.
1978: Spam is born
1978 is also the year that brought the first unsolicited commercial email message (later known as spam), sent out to 600 California Arpanet users by Gary Thuerk.
1979: MUD – The earliest form of multiplayer games
The precursor to World of Warcraft and Second Life was developed in 1979, and was called MUD (short for MultiUser Dungeon). MUDs were entirely text-based virtual worlds, combining elements of role-playing games, interactive, fiction, and online chat.
1979: Usenet
1979 also ushered into the scene: Usenet, created by two graduate students. Usenet was an internet-based discussion system, allowing people from around the globe to converse about the same topics by posting public messages categorized by newsgroups.
1980: ENQUIRE software
The European Organization for Nuclear Research (better known as CERN) launched ENQUIRE (written by Tim Berners-Lee), a hypertext program that allowed scientists at the particle physics lab to keep track of people, software, and projects using hypertext (hyperlinks).
1982: The first emoticon
While many people credit Kevin MacKenzie with the invention of the emoticon in 1979, it was Scott Fahlman in 1982 who proposed using :-) after a joke, rather than the original -) proposed by MacKenzie. The modern emoticon was born.
1983: Arpanet computers switch over to TCP/IP
January 1, 1983 was the deadline for Arpanet computers to switch over to the TCP/IP protocols developed by Vinton Cerf. A few hundred computers were affected by the switch. The name server was also developed in ‘83.
1984: Domain Name System (DNS)
The domain name system was created in 1984 along with the first Domain Name Servers (DNS). The domain name system was important in that it made addresses on the Internet more human-friendly compared to its numerical IP address counterparts. DNS servers allowed Internet users to type in an easy-to-remember domain name and then converted it to the IP address automatically.
1985: Virtual communities
1985 brought the development of The WELL (short for Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link), one of the oldest virtual communities still in operation. It was developed by Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant in February of ‘85. It started out as a community of the readers and writers of the Whole Earth Review and was an open but "remarkably literate and uninhibited intellectual gathering". Wired Magazine once called The Well "The most influential online community in the world."
1986: Protocol wars
The so-called Protocol wars began in 1986. European countries at that time were pursuing the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), while the United States was using the Internet/Arpanet protocol, which eventually won out.
1987: The Internet grows
By 1987, there were nearly 30,000 hosts on the Internet. The original Arpanet protocol had been limited to 1,000 hosts, but the adoption of the TCP/IP standard made larger numbers of hosts possible.
1988: IRC – Internet Relay Chat
Also in 1988, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) was first deployed, paving the way for real-time chat and the instant messaging programs we use today.
1988: First major malicious internet-based attack
One of the first major Internet worms was released in 1988. Referred to as "The Morris Worm", it was written by Robert Tappan Morris and caused major interruptions across large parts of the Internet.
1989: AOL is launched
When Apple pulled out of the AppleLink program in 1989, the project was renamed and America Online was born. AOL, still in existence today, later on made the Internet popular amongst the average internet users.
1989: The proposal for the World Wide Web
1989 also brought about the proposal for the World Wide Web, written by Tim Berners-Lee. It was originally published in the March issue of MacWorld, and then redistributed in May 1990. It was written to persuade CERN that a global hypertext system was in CERN’s best interest. It was originally called "Mesh"; the term "World Wide Web" was coined while Berners-Lee was writing the code in 1990.
1990: First commercial dial-up ISP
1990 also brought about the first commercial dial-up Internet provider, The World. The same year, Arpanet ceased to exist.
1990: World Wide Web protocols finished
The code for the World Wide Web was written by Tim Berners-Lee, based on his proposal from the year before, along with the standards for HTML, HTTP, and URLs.
1991: First web page created
1991 brought some major innovations to the world of the Internet. The first web page was created and, much like the first email explained what email was, its purpose was to explain what the World Wide Web was.
1991: First content-based search protocol
Also in the same year, the first search protocol that examined file contents instead of just file names was launched, called Gopher.
1991: MP3 becomes a standard
Also, the MP3 file format was accepted as a standard in 1991. MP3 files, being highly compressed, later become a popular file format to share songs and entire albums via the internet.
1991: The first webcam
One of the more interesting developments of this era, though, was the first webcam. It was deployed at a Cambridge University computer lab, and its sole purpose was to monitor a particular coffee maker so that lab users could avoid wasted trips to an empty coffee pot.
1993: Mosaic – first graphical web browser for the general public
The first widely downloaded Internet browser, Mosaic, was released in 1993. While Mosaic wasn’t the first web browser, it is considered the first browser to make the Internet easily accessible to non-techies.
1993: Governments join in on the fun
In 1993, both the White House and the United Nations came online, marking the beginning of the .gov and .org domain names.
1994: Netscape Navigator
Mosaic’s first big competitor, Netscape Navigator, was released the year following (1994).
1995: Commercialization of the internet
1995 is often considered the first year the web became commercialized. While there were commercial enterprises online prior to ‘95, there were a few key developments that happened that year. First, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) encryption was developed by Netscape, making it safer to conduct financial transactions (like credit card payments) online.
In addition, two major online businesses got their start the same year. The first sale on "Echo Bay" was made that year. Echo Bay later became eBay. Amazon.com also started in 1995, though it didn’t turn a profit for six years, until 2001.
1995: Geocities, the Vatican goes online, and JavaScript
Other major developments that year included the launch of Geocities (which officially closed down on October 26, 2009).
The Vatican also went online for the first time.
Java and JavaScript (originally called LiveScript by its creator, Brendan Eich, and deployed as part of the Netscape Navigator browser – see comments for explanation) was first introduced to the public in 1995. ActiveX was launched by Microsoft the following year.
1996: First web-based (webmail) service
In 1996, HoTMaiL (the capitalized letters are an homage to HTML), the first webmail service, was launched.
1997: The term "weblog" is coined
While the first blogs had been around for a few years in one form or another, 1997 was the first year the term "weblog" was used.
1998: First new story to be broken online instead of traditional media
In 1998, the first major news story to be broken online was the Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky scandal (also referred to as "Monicagate" among other nicknames), which was posted on The Drudge Report after Newsweek killed the story.
1998: Google!
Google went live in 1998, revolutionizing the way in which people find information online.
1998: Internet-based file-sharing gets its roots
In 1998 as well, Napster launched, opening up the gates to mainstream file-sharing of audio files over the internet.
1999: SETI@home project
1999 is the year when one of the more interesting projects ever brought online: the SETI@home project, launched. The project has created the equivalent of a giant supercomputer by harnessing the computing power of more than 3 million computers worldwide, using their processors whenever the screensaver comes on, indicating that the computer is idle. The program analyzes radio telescope data to look for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence.
2000: The bubble bursts
2000 was the year of the dotcom collapse, resulting in huge losses for legions of investors. Hundreds of companies closed, some of which had never turned a profit for their investors. The NASDAQ, which listed a large number of tech companies affected by the bubble, peaked at over 5,000, then lost 10% of its value in a single day, and finally hit bottom in October of 2002.
2001: Wikipedia is launched
With the dotcom collapse still going strong, Wikipedia launched in 2001, one of the websites that paved the way for collective web content generation/social media.
2003: VoIP goes mainstream
In 2003: Skype is released to the public, giving a user-friendly interface to Voice over IP calling.
2003: MySpace becomes the most popular social network
Also in 2003, MySpace opens up its doors. It later grew to be the most popular social network at one time (thought it has since been overtaken by Facebook).
2003: CAN-SPAM Act puts a lid on unsolicited emails
Another major advance in 2003 was the signing of the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003, better known as the CAN-SPAM Act.
2004: Web 2.0
Though coined in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci, the term "Web 2.0", referring to websites and Rich Internet Applications (RIA) that are highly interactive and user-driven became popular around 2004. During the first Web 2.0 conference, John Batelle and Tim O’Reilly described the concept of "the Web as a Platform": software applications built to take advantage of internet connectivity, moving away from the desktop (which has downsides such as operating system dependency and lack of interoperability).
2004: Social Media and Digg
The term "social media", believed to be first used by Chris Sharpley, was coined in the same year that "Web 2.0" became a mainstream concept. Social media–sites and web applications that allow its users to create and share content and to connect with one another–started around this period.
Digg, a social news site, launched on November of 2004, paving the way for sites such as Reddit, Mixx, and Yahoo! Buzz. Digg revolutionized traditional means of generating and finding web content, democratically promoting news and web links that are reviewed and voted on by a community.
2004: "The" Facebook open to college students
Facebook launched in 2004, though at the time it was only open to college students and was called "The Facebook"; later on, "The" was dropped from the name, though the URL http://www.thefacebook.com still works.
2005: YouTube – streaming video for the masses
YouTube launched in 2005, bringing free online video hosting and sharing to the masses.
2006: Twitter gets twittering
Twitter launched in 2006. It was originally going to be called twittr (inspired by Flickr); the first Twitter message was "just setting up my twttr".
2007: Major move to place TV shows online
Hulu was first launched in 2007, a joint venture between ABC, NBC, and Fox to make popular TV shows available to watch online.
2007: The iPhone and the Mobile Web
The biggest innovation of 2007 was almost certainly the iPhone, which was almost wholly responsible for renewed interest in mobile web applications and design.
2008: "Internet Election"
The first "Internet election" took place in 2008 with the U.S. Presidential election. It was the first year that national candidates took full advantage of all the Internet had to offer. Hillary Clinton jumped on board early with YouTube campaign videos. Virtually every candidate had a Facebook page or a Twitter feed, or both.
Ron Paul set a new fundraising record by raising $4.3 million in a single day through online donations, and then beat his own record only weeks later by raising $4.4 million in a single day.
The 2008 elections placed the Internet squarely at the forefront of politics and campaigning, a trend that is unlikely to change any time in the near future.
2009: ICANN policy changes
2009 brought about one of the biggest changes to come to the Internet in a long time when the U.S. relaxed its control over ICANN, the official naming body of the Internet (they’re the organization in charge of registering domain names).
The Future?
Where is the future of the Internet headed? Share your opinions in the comments section.
Sources and Further Reading
Related Content
About the Author
Cameron Chapman is a professional web and graphic designer with over 6 years of experience in the industry. She’s also written for numerous blogs such as Smashing Magazine and Mashable. You can find her personal web presence at Cameron Chapman On Writing. If you’d like to connect with her, check her out on Twitter.
147 Comments
November 15th, 2009
Wow. That’s an impressive timeline. It’s neat to see where this thing started and what it’s come to. What does the future hold? :p
Oystein
November 15th, 2009
“Arpanet made its first trans-Atlantic connection in 1973, with the University College of London.”
This cant be right..
First Norway got connected tre 20 min befour london..
November 15th, 2009
Only now I know where The Internet comes from. Great resource compilation.
Oystein
November 15th, 2009
To be more presice NORSTAR (Norwegian Seismic Array) At Kjeller in Norway. UCL was then connected through Kjeller.
November 15th, 2009
Cool post – So we have Scott Fahlman to blame for all the :-) then!
November 15th, 2009
Awesome article! I’m really liking these recent articles from six revisions. Very well researched!
Al Gore
November 15th, 2009
Wait a minute – I thought I created the internet!
Al
November 15th, 2009
Great blog post. Thanks for doing such fine research :-)
November 15th, 2009
Fascinating read, even if I can’t understand all the terminology!
Mediumjones
November 15th, 2009
Wow, seriously quality article. Bravo!
November 15th, 2009
Awesome post! I bet that it’s surprising to a lot of people that HTTP wasn’t the beginnings of the Internet. When you hear the term ‘Internet’, most people think of the WWW and browsing HyperText Documents.
November 15th, 2009
Great resource. Bookmarked the article for my future use.
Thanks
@Sampad
November 15th, 2009
Well, I was around for most of it, and that’s about the nicest precis I’ve seen so far. I don’t get as many reads as @Alyssa_Milano, but we’ve both tweeted it. :-)
Dylan Parry
November 15th, 2009
Nice article. Found quite a few things that I didn’t know about the Internet from reading it. One small thing though – JavaScript wasn’t created by Sun Microsystems… a marketing deal between Sun and Netscape is the reason why it’s called JavaScript, but it was created and released initially by Netscape.
In exchange for Netscape being allowed to package and release Sun’s Java runtime as part of Netscape Navigator, Netscape agreed to call their new scripting language JavaScript. It was originally called Mocha, then renamed LiveScript, then finally JavaScript.
So Sun was involved somewhat, in fact they owned (still own?) the trademark on the name JavaScript, but they didn’t really have anything to do with its creation.
November 15th, 2009
Where is the future of the Internet headed ?
First , is there a difference between the Internet and the Web ? If we look back to the origin we see that cooperation between universitys was the intention and driving force . That is the spirit of Internet . The spirit of the Web is more common commercialization and interests .
It is natural that progress will be made both on the Internet and on the Web . Bigger , faster and more complex tech for advanced software . It is the HW tech that sets the boundries for what can be done . But already there is very much that can be done with time and money .
Also travelling to Mars will make an impact on Internet/WWWeb . Communication will be further advanced and more sophisticated .
The commercial forces will want to enroll more and more people into WWWeconomy and that might be a good thing . Whats the difference between working on the WWWeb and the labormarket – should there be a difference ? No need to worry if the difference is a good difference . But yes , can government allow WWW to control the making of daily bread ?
So much to know . So much to remember . So many fascilities and tools and machines and programs and levels and dimensions and matrix´s and codes and versions and upgrades it isn´t at all strange people wonder in awe .
But I believe in the systemstructure to keep the train on the track and if I am wrong we can make it right .
November 15th, 2009
Nice article!
Although, there were search engines before Google. Yahoo! (’94) and AltaVista (’95) were probably the two largest.
November 15th, 2009
Amazing article! Thx for sharing. I’ve been looking for something like this for quite a while.
November 15th, 2009
Correction: JavaScript was actually created by Netscape and Mozilla in 1995 and had no relation to Java by Sun Microsystems except that they wanted to make it look like Java so it would be easy to work with.
vldr
November 15th, 2009
Gopher was not a search engine
Zach Echlin
November 15th, 2009
A small typo. Sun didn’t develop JavaScript–Netscape did.
November 15th, 2009
cameron, what did you do? this post is f**kin’ amazing… thx for this hard work…
November 15th, 2009
You’re flat wrong about “1979: MUD – The earliest form of multiplayer games”. Incredibly, extremely, embarrassingly wrong. Do your homework.
November 15th, 2009
Thanks for the great article.
Apparently Google is the biggest breakthrough because it’s the only one what has an exclamation mark “!” on its section heading. It feels like the author is shouting out “Google! Here you come!” :-P
Andy Berkvam
November 15th, 2009
Gopher is not a search engine any more than the world wide web is a search engine. Veronica and Jughead were search engines for the Gopher protocol however they both only indexed the names of menu items, not the actual file contents.
Nathan Nahm
November 15th, 2009
Thank you for writing an excellent summary of the complicated history of the Internet and for publishing it in a publicly accessible site. Like Tim Bernes-Lee, who wrote and dedicated the protocol for WWW to the public domain, you are one of the heroes who make the technological innovations work for everyone, rather than enrich a few business proprietors, who somehow acquire the legal rights to the innovations made other creative people and then use the technology exclusively for their personal profits.
Andre
November 15th, 2009
I guess it’s no surprise to anyone now that we are moving into a world where just about everything electronic will be capable of connecting to the internet.
A beautiful world!
Carmen
November 15th, 2009
Huh, wasn’t it Al Gore who invented the Internet? :D
Mark
November 15th, 2009
Cameron. Great post! Very interesting. I didn’t know Napoleon Dynamite invented the modem.
Geekoid
November 15th, 2009
An excellent and well written article, Cameron. Thoroughly enjoyed it, and it brought back some memories from the early days! Thank you for sharing your research and insight.
November 15th, 2009
Future of the web? If Google is to believed, cloud computing will take over as the primary means of computing, shifting us back to the mainframe/terminal mode of using computers. This means that internet connected devices don’t need much besides huge pipes, so netbooks and smartphones will continue to kill off the tower-based PC.
Cloud computing also creates a huge demand for standards and interfaces that will allow web-apps to easily communicate and share info. This should lead to the end of the typically anonymous web, as user profiles will sync, creating persistent identity.
In short, take current trends and project outward. As more of the world comes online expect to see exponential growth. That’s my take on things.
November 15th, 2009
Who new that Napoleon Dynamite invented the modem?! Seriously, thanks for putting together an interesting post with great graphics.
November 15th, 2009
That’s quite a huge nutshell. I don’t have time to read it at the moment, but I really look forward to it.
November 15th, 2009
i love this article! thank you for putting the history of internet in such accessible manner, it is a pretty interesting read, knowing when our most popular websites started :D
Jeremy
November 15th, 2009
JavaScript was not developed by Sun. It was developed by Netscape.
November 15th, 2009
I noticed you had SETI@home starting in 1999. Pretty sure I was using it much earlier than that. I worked for AOL shortly after its beginning, and I remember our IT dept banning it because of the network resources it was consuming.
Good article though :) Another thing is you left out CServ & DowJones network, which were pretty big around the days of BBS’s.
November 15th, 2009
wahoo, great info of internet,very impressive.
Sandhya
November 15th, 2009
awsome article…realy enjoyed readin it :)
November 15th, 2009
Awesome compilation of data. What a great history lesson. I wonder how many people online now were born after the internet was invented. Woot, 1969!
November 15th, 2009
This was a great comprehensive timeline. I remember most of it, but still learned a lot. Thanks!
Pedants R. Us
November 15th, 2009
Just one minor correction: Javascript was developed by Netscape, not Sun. Java and Javascript aren’t related apart from the similarity of their names.
gxs
November 16th, 2009
I like how this whole article conveniently leaved Windows out. It’s so blatant that it ruins an otherwise good read.
John Heatherington
November 16th, 2009
FYI, you spelled my cousin’s name incorrectly. Under year 1977, it’s Dale “Heatherington”. Here’s his website for reference. No worries. =)
http://www.wa4dsy.net/robot/home/about
Ejaz
November 16th, 2009
Great, concise and very informative article. You must have worked very hard to prepare it. Thanks
huza
November 16th, 2009
now thats a good read! Great job! :D
Naresh
November 16th, 2009
Superb article. Thanks a lot!
hectore
November 16th, 2009
No Yahoo? you’ve got to be kidding!!! back in 95 the place to go to find stuff on the web was the obscure page at Stanford that would later become yahoo. This definately has to be on the list!
Troy
November 16th, 2009
An ass-suckingly awful history that doesn’t mention Leonard Kleinrock or Vinton Cerf. Back to the drawing board.
November 16th, 2009
Very interesting article, easy to read and with a lot of references. Thx Cameron! :-)
Wilhelm Fitzpatrick
November 16th, 2009
Just for the record:
* Java was launched by Sun Microsystems.
* JavaScript was originally called LiveScript and was created at Netscape, and included in a version of the Netscape Browser. Shortly after its original introduction, some misguided marketeer renamed LiveScript to JavaScript even though the language had no relation to, and is in fact quite different from, Java.
November 16th, 2009
Javascript came from Netscape and Internet explorer used Mosaic sourcecode.
November 16th, 2009
Great post Cameron! From the year of my birth to the current day, we’ve managed to transform the first purely text-based website into works of art viewed by billions of people every day that we can view on huge glossy monitors and tiny iPhone screens in our pockets – because of this I’m really not too sure what could happen next! I think maybe Flickr should have made it into your timeline, though ;)
November 16th, 2009
Although the Internet has been around for 40+ years, most people have only really used it as it is today for 10-20 years. Thanks for the great look at how the Internet was created!
PaulS
November 16th, 2009
Great article, but what about FTP! FTP existed before TCP/IP:
The first FTP standard was RFC 114, published in April 1971, before TCP and IP even existed.
(from http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_FTPOverviewHistoryandStandards.htm)
It’s one of the oldest protocols around(created the same year as email), and is still very widely used. A must for any proper history of the internet, if you as me ;-)
You might also considering adding the RFC process and then the appropriate RFC’s to the standards.
November 16th, 2009
Thank you all for your time in commenting and making this article better and more accurate.
@Dylan Parry and to the other people that noted the JavaScript error (@Tim, @Zach Echlin, @Jeremy, @Pedants R. Us, Randy, @Wilhelm Fitzpatrick with a nice bullet-point explanation): I apologize for that, I should have caught that easily being a JavaScript nut myself, but somehow I missed it. I’ve corrected it and linked to @Dylan Parry’s comment.
@Mats Ahlqvist: I can’t tell if you’re being funny or serious.
@Brent: I see what you’re saying, and yes, there should’ve been some sort of mention regarding search engines like Altavista, Yahoo!, Hotbot, heck even MSN search, which did help us find stuff on the internet.
@Raelifin: Alright, so I’m not the only geek thinking about establishing standards because of this shift to the cloud. “Interoperability” within web apps, which sort of realizes itself now as public API’s, is the word I’m looking for. Now we just need a singular/standardized API specifications. Your comment just inspired me with like 5 article topics right there. :)
@Mark Alves: I couldn’t help but laugh after having to scroll up and see what you mean.
markwill
November 16th, 2009
hi all,
ok where are the world famous first homecomputers like: atari, c64 or sinclair? or the first OS eg windows groups 3.11. ?greets markwill
aguy
November 16th, 2009
Huh. I don’t mean to make a political condemnation here but why would you put up a picture of Ron Paul when Obama was clearly the one who really made it clear that the internet is an effective campaign tool? Sure, Ron Paul made a massive amount of money on one day, but Obama made literally hundreds of millions throughout the campaign and also recruited thousands of contributors in many different states. Sure, the internet had Ron Paul fever for quite some time but Obama fever was FAR mode ubiquitous and widespread and even spread to other countries, far more so than Ron Paul did.
KL
November 16th, 2009
Why does the AOL picture have pico/pine running under Motif instead of the AOL or Q-Link client?
Mark
November 16th, 2009
No mention of the fact that ARPANET came from a military cold-war era project (DARPANET) to develop a communications network that could survive a nuclear war. This is why the ‘net’ approach was chosen. In the first diagram on the page the Pentagon is even one of the nodes…
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